Ghana!!! ....Ghana????

Ghana is just down the road and over the creek and then a few thousand more miles away from Mongolia. Judith Hermanson, the Vice President of CHF was going to be there for a ceremony but illness in the family prevented her from making the trip, so the assignment was tossed over into my basket. CHF has worked in over a hundred different countries during its 55 year history and is currently working in 35 Developing countries.
In Ghana, CHF is engaged in implementing the Slum Communities Achieving Livable Environments with Urban Partners (Scale-Up)in conjunction with the Gates Foundation. This program provides targeted capacity building for local intermediaries. It is a program that seeks to empower the poor and give them a voice in the decisions that are made that influence their communities. CHF is providing resources to seven different community non-profit groups in Ghana in this effort to promote the Urban Agenda at all levels of decision making.
This young man, Habubakari, works as a program officer for Peoples Dialogue of Ghana, one of the seven local non-profits. Beside him is an elected official, equivalent to a County commissioner in the U.S. The Scale-UP program tries to bring every segment of the community into the dialogue.


Staff took me into the bowels of the slums and they were worse than anything I had seen in Haiti or South Africa. I had my camera in my hand but out of respect for the people, I could not bring myself to even sneak a picture.

The community ceremony was held at the outside edge of the slum where people had better living conditions, even if they were incredibly over crowded.
On a more upbeat note, the CHF staff of Ghana are a great group of folk and the ceremony came off without a hitch. The Corporate staff gathered for a group photo here on the right and on the left are four full time CHF staff. On the left is Sandrine Capelle-Manuel, who is the Country Director. Then next to her is Mathew Chandy, the Country director from India, where they are also working the Scale-UP program. Then you have Brian English, who is the Director for these two Scale-UP programs and works out of the Silver Springs office, and on the right is Ranjit Ambastha, a senior program director for India. These four have been working together for some time getting these programs going in Ghana and India.



CHF is addressing in many ways the same problem in both Mongolia and Ghana. The problem is the vast number of people moving from the rural into the Urban areas and their are no jobs. The program in each of the two countries is financed in different ways and the approach to the problem is radically different but the core problem is the same.
The problem CHF is addressing one way or the other in so many countries is an exploding urban population with no means of economic support. You have an increasingly massive number of people with a minimum, if any means of financial support moving into the urban areas. There are lots of people but there are very few jobs. This problem has been growing for years and will continue to grow even after the global economic crisis is resolved. The challenge to those concerned about the humanitarian needs of the poor is staggering.

LEAVING MONGOLIA

It was the last Saturday of March and I was wide awake before sun up. It was the 28th of March and I had a ticket to Ghana that afternoon. There was still some time sheets and work to do at the office before I finished packing so I decided to go over early and take care of the office stuff. It was a typical cold Mongolian morning but the wind was not blowing and the snow was coming down ever so gently. You could smell the coal being burned in the small stoves in the center of the Gers in Ulaanbaatar and I knew I was really going to miss being with the people I had enjoyed working with so much over the past three months.



Friday evening had been a lot of fun with the Development Solutions staff and their boss Serjmaa having a party for me in their new office and giving me a special Mongolian gift that I shall always treasure.

CHF had a 6 o'clock party and a few more gifts and lots of fun. Then Glenn and Brian, on their own nickel, took all of the staff of both groups out for dinner and drinks. In Mongolia you will find no CHF parties starting before 6 and you will find no CHF money being spent for party time, but the staff along with Glenn and Brian do have a lot of fun, even in the midst of major transitions in program as they go from USAID to USAG funding and the funding has very different expectations for services to be delivered to the Ger community.



One could say this group knew how to work hard and party hard but in the three months I spent in Mongolia, I never saw anyone of the staff get out of control with the partying. The staff are very competitive so when it comes to volleyball, basketball, and ping pong, the competitive spirit comes very close to getting out of control.

"The mission of CHF and the new non profit, Development Solutions, that has been spun off of CHF, are involved in very important work in this country. Less than 20 years ago, it was a part of the Soviet Union and sits right between the worlds two largest communist countries. It is a new Democracy rushing into an Urban environment and out of its Nomadic culture of herders raising their sheep and goats on the open range of Mongolia. Transition into Democracy and Capitalism have brought widespread joblessness and other social issues but the people are totally committed to making it work, so it is great the U.S. and CHF are doing what can be done to make it happen.

I am very grateful for the opportunity to get to know the wonderful people of Mongolia and to see up close and personal the terrific work CHF is doing in working with people in a country experiencing enormous social and economic transition in a very challenging and fragile environment.
I will miss a great deal the staff of Development Solutions and CHF in Mongolia and will always be appreciative of the energies of Barbara at CHF headquarters for facilitating the experience and to Mike for allowing it to happen.

Mongolia Has Been Great

I have really enjoyed getting to know the two ex pats and all of the Mongolian here at CHF Mongolia as I have worked with them for three months. We enjoyed some good times last night but my camera does not want to transfer any of the pictures this morning so maybe later.

My trip here in Mongolia has been cut short by about three days in order for me to make a meeting in Ghana on Monday morning. There have been some scheduling problems for some of the CHF staff from Washington who were planning on attending the meeting so I am leaving in about two hours for Ghana for about four days.

CHF has been working there for a few years with the Gates Foundation so it will be an interesting meeting. Maybe my camera will be happy when it is in warm weather. Today it is snowing here in Mongolia......I wonder if it is snowing in Ghana????Just kidding....It is supposed to be 33 degree Celsius.

More about winding down in Mongolia when my camera is in a better mood.

Development Solutions Board Meeting

The Board of Directors of Development Solutions enjoyed a productive meeting on Thursday with the able guidance of Serjmaa, the new CEO of this non-profit organization. It was a two hour meeting and all items on the agenda were approved including The Business Plan presented to the Board by the Chair person of that committee. In the two pictures below you see Serjmaa and her staff on the left and four of the five Board members on the right. This was a special meeting for this new Board. The CHF staff have been working and planning for years for this spin off to the local Mongolian NGO and it finally happened.


Serjmaa and Bagana, the Program Director, have been working their way up the ladder of Development Solutions for about five years and now have the responsibility of supervising over 70 staff members located in 11 Branch offices in different parts of the country and the responsibility of a half million dollar budget, thanks to CHF, the US Dept.of Agriculture and USAID. Serjmaa, in addition to her other responsibilities as a CEO, had been working for two months with different Board members and Committee Chair persons in preparation for this meeting. It all paid off as everything was approved that was on the agenda and the meeting went smoothly.
You see here a picture of Serjmaa and Bagana congratulating one another after the meeting and then a picture of me congratulating them on a job well done.

Now all they have to do is keep 49 Business Advisers trained and being effective as they help micro and small businesses located in many parts of Mongolia become successful, during a global recession. Also in the process they will be shifting the focus of the Business Advisers to Agricultural clients now that funding is shifting from USAID to USAG.
They are very capable and committed staff and have a great support team working with them as they take on this challenging task. They also have the very competent, caring and committed staff of CHF Mongolia to help guide them through any rough spots they might encounter in this transition.

A View From Zaysan Tolgov

This weekend, I went up to the top of Russian Hill, as some call it. A small mountain just to the South of the city that has a large monument built by Russians before they left town called Zaysan Tolgov Memorial. It provides a great view of the city and the surrounding suburbs or Ger Communities, as they are referred to here in Ulaanbaatar. There is also a view of the railroad running down by the river.
The Mongolians think of America as their third neighbor. They have Russia to the West and North and they have China to the East and South. They still refer to America as their third neighbor and the language people prefer to learn by far is the English language.

Many countries continue to contribute to the growth and development of Mongolia and America is only one of many. I find it interesting that America through its Millenium Challenge program, created by Bush, is doing several things including health care assistance, vocational training and Perri-urban land entitlement programs. The largest part of the grant however is to upgrade the Trans Siberian Railroad. This is the major connection between Russia and China. Mongolia is rich in mineral resources and the only way you can really move things like coal, uranium, copper, gold and other minerals is with the use of the railroad.
Mongolia is very financially dependent on its mineral resources to underwrite its budget. However, it does not have the capital to develop the mines required to extract these minerals so they contract with companies from other countries like Russia to do this work. International Development work sure takes some interesting twists and turns.


Here are two snapshots of the city from Zaysan Tolgoy. The city of one and a half million people sits in a valley along side a small river and the railroad. The city extends upon to the hills in nearly every direction with uncontrolled suburban sprawl with no sewers or city water up in those areas.
I wanted to take the train back to China but it is a four day trip on a very slow train.
Friday, I was invited by a leader of a weekend program on Corporate Governance for Executives of larger Mongolian companies. I spoke for a short time about different aspects of working with a Board of Directors. One of the other guest speakers was a gentleman from Russia who was an expert on Corporate Governance. It was a good program. I have these fellows cards and thought maybe I should send them to Obama. Maybe he could hire this Russian and this Mongolian to go teach a course on Responsible Corporate Governance to our friends on Wall Street.

International Women's Day- March 8th

The United Nations established International Women's Day as an international holiday in its first Charter. Russia began the recognition in 1920. It is highly celebrated in many countries and especially those that have at one time or the other been a part of the Soviet Union. Everyplace I have gone for the last few days, they have been selling roses. The fellows in the CHF office here on the 6th floor and the fellows in the Development Solutions office on the third floor each had special celebrations for the women with whom they worked and I am sure the celebration were even more extravagant in their homes.
When Russia was dominant in Mongolia, it required 40% of the parliament to be women and now there is less than half of that number. When Russia was in charge their was universal education and literacy was higher then it is at this time. No one is wanting the Russians to return but one of the two major parties in Mongolia is MPRP, the communist party. It was the party when Russia pulled out but there is now another party the Democratic Union Party that gives the MPRP a run for their money at each election to see who can get the most members in the parliament, the Khural.
There has been almost no new infrastructure built in the cities since the Russians left. Most of the old 5 and 9 story apartment building built by the Russians are still occupied and are the primary living quarters of a vast majority of the city residents. There are a lot of new conventionally financed apartment structures being built but I have no idea how most Mongolians will be able to afford to move into them with the income structure here in Mongolia, where a waitress might make an equivalent to 150 dollars a month and I repeat, a month and teachers two to three times that amount.
But it was fun celebrating with the staff on International Women's Day.




Some of the fellows on the 6th floor had been preparing in secret for the Women's Day celebration at the end of the work day on Friday. A couple of them had asked me if I wanted to share in the event on Friday, so I tossed in my 8,500 Tugrugs, or about US $7.00 or less. CHF does not have funds for the parties. These are financed by staff contributions. There was cake, wine, candy and a rose for each one of the ladies. The guys suggested all of us men wear white shirts and black trousers, the uniform of the waiters in Mongolia. One picture shows us toasting the women and the other picture, if you will click on it and make it full page size, will show you how much fun they had with the party. The festivities lasted for only an hours and there was very little drinking but an enormous amount of laughter.




Development Solutions, the new NGO that has its offices on the third floor, pulled together a special celebration on Women's Day in their office with a little glass of wine and flowers at about 7 on Friday evening, then the fellows in that office took all of the ladies out to dinner. The pictures are of Serjmaa, the new CEO of Development Solutions and some of her Administrative and Finance Department staff.




The CHF team on the 6th floor enjoyed cake, and a beautiful cake it was, for desert at lunch in the accounting office as part of their Women's Day celebration. When the cake feast luncheon was over, I caught a picture of Oyunbayar Tserendorj, one of CHF's accountants going over some numbers with Jennifer Quellette, who has come out from Washington CHF office to do a final report on the Ger Initiative program.

Planning Ahead In Mongolia

One of the impressive characteristics about CHF is its ability to plan ahead. I am enjoying working on an exciting transition here as this new Non Profit evolves and becomes a reality. One must understand, however, this has been in the planning stage for five years with a lot of thought and work going into this transition during the past five years.
CHF started in Mongolia about six years ago with a two year contract. It has now been working here for six years and is getting ready to begin a new two year Grant Program from the U.S. Dept of Agriculture. It is an interesting story how the Dept of Agriculture got into this and even a more interesting story on how CHF ever got started in Mongolia in the first place but those stories will have to wait. CHF has been able to stretch a two year contract into an eight year contract by planning ahead.
I heard the Ambassador from the U.S. talk the other day about the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) here in Mongolia. One of its four components of 25 million dollars has to do with developing Vocational Schools here in Mongolia. Knowing CHF is involved in Vocational schools in Haiti, I mentioned it to Glenn and Brian. They in turn handed me a 73 page report prepared by CHF in preparation of applying for funding for the Vocational School program here in Mongolia, when MCC releases its notice to accept applications for funding. It is this kind of planning ahead that keeps CHF serving and growing.

You might ask what the pictures of the uncompleted buildings have to do with Planning ahead? They are pictures of how to do it if you don't plan ahead. The one picture of the half moon building, if it is ever completed will be a truly unique building but will it ever be finished is the question. The construction cost due to its design, the energy cost, the maintenance cost for this building will be enormous and the market for office space has already been overbuilt. The other pictures of building that are half constructed is a common sight almost anyplace you look in the city. There is no way the market that is very soft will be able to absorb all of this space with tenants.
It is great to be involved with a project, even as a short termer, where years of planning ahead make the work delightful rather than frightful.

Tsagaan Sar

Happy New Year! Today all of the stores are closed and there is very little traffic on Peace avenue. Everyone is at home celebrating Tsagaan Sar. This is the last day of the last month of winter called white moon or white month. It is one of the two big holidays here in Mongolia and the office is closed for three days to celebrate. It is kind of like Christmas, Thanksgiving and New Years all rolled into one celebration.
During the past couple of weeks, the ladies here in the office have been talking about all of the house cleaning and preparation they have been doing. The home has to be extremely clean and the celebration is primarily centered around Mongolian food and lots of it with some presents for everyone. I was lucky enough to be invited to two traditional Mongolian homes for Tsagaan Sar.
The top picture is a picture of Batbaatar Gurbazar and his mother. She was the oldest member of the family and only about ten to fifteen years younger then I am, so the celebration centered around her home and she sat at the head of the table.

Then there is the picture of part of the family gathered there in the home where Batbaatar and his siblings were raised. Tsagaan Sar is a celebration of the beginning of the new year with a major focus around honoring the oldest member of the family. Genghis Khaan started the tradition, when he went to visit his mother and pay her respect and honor.




In a lower picture you see another table that is set in the same way. It is the picture at the home of the mother of another CHF employee, Tuul Tuvshinbayar. Then lower down in the blog is a picture of Tuul's husband and son and a picture of her husband slicing the sheep.
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The picture of the little girl by herself is a picture of Alice, one of Glenn's three children. Glenn and his family and Brian and his wife were present at Tuul's mother's home for the celebration. Alice is wearing her Deel, the name of the traditional Mongolian dress. Usually on the street, except for folk more from the country side, people wear western dress but on Tsagaan Sar, many people were dressed in beautiful and brightly colored traditional Mongolian clothing. There is also the picture of Batbaatar's older brother and his daughter.

The Mongolian Tsagaan Sar is a terrific holiday and a great way to celebrate the New Year. There are many traditions that revolve around the celebration. I know only a few of the traditions and those only partially but I could fill the page just with the ones I know a little bit about. It is always a rich experience to be in a different culture and experience the very meaningful traditions that have been around for hundreds of years. If that is not enough to be grateful for, there is the fact that winter is officially over and it was warmer today, just for the occasion of the beginning of spring. I wonder how they say Hallelujah in Mongolian?

Pedestrians DO NOT have the right of way

Coming out of California, where Pedestrians are always right, it is interesting to be in a country where just the opposite is true. Here in Mongolia Pedestrians have no rights. There are very few traffic lights and the ones that do exist are not given much attention. The good thing about this is that there are also no rules against Jaywalking. If you walk up to Peace Avenue, a major street with three heavily traveled lanes of traffic going both ways and you want to cross the street...Fine....Go For It. There will be other people Jaywalking and maybe you can trudge and dodge across with two or three other brave (or stupid) souls. If you get hit by a car, just remember that you might have to pay for the dent you cause in their fender.
This picture was taken on a side street on a Sunday afternoon, when there was not much traffic. One might ask if I was standing there waiting for a large dog to come along so I could pet it or maybe trying to explain to someone how high the snow gets in the Sierras for using snowshoes and making snow angels. Actually, I was signaling for a cab. You just put your hand out a little ways from your waist and cabs come a running. It is not like New York, where you have to wildly wave your hand above your head and whistle as loud as you can to get a taxi. Now there is a difference between Mongolia and New York in that here, anyone can be a taxi. There are a few cabs with meters but the vast majority are just guys or gals driving a car and they charge you about a 400 Tugrigs a Kilometer, roughly a dollar a mile.
Another difference between Mongolian and New York cabs is that the Mongolia cab drivers are usually in a good mood. It is not unusual for a cab driver here to be singing a simple song to himself as he drives through intense and demanding traffic snarls.
Since there are basically no street signs or house numbers (and there is no mail service)then you normally cannot give the driver an address so you just have to know where you are going and know three words....Cigeeree is straight, Zuun is left, and Baruun is right and there you go. It works every time....so far.

Endings and Beginnings at CHF Mongolia

There are a lot of very positive things happening here at CHF Mongolia. Yes, the Ger Initiative program of CHF is ending and one could say that is a sad thing. On the other hand there are real reasons to celebrate because the program has been very successful. It has served thousand of people trying to begin or upgrade their micro or small business and it has been going on for nearly six years. Very few Programs like this are ever funded by USAID for that many years. So it is closing, but because it has been so successful, there are reasons to celebrate.
Then as CHF closes one program here in Mongolia funded by USAID, it has received funding for a new two year program by USAG to begin a new one as the older program closes. Opening a new program is always a good reason to celebrate. It is also great because it will be able to hire most of the same staff, to serve in a large part, the same micro and small business people trying to get started. There is another reason to celebrate.
Then if that is not enough to celebrate, CHF has created a totally new Mongolian NGO that will carry on the work previously funded by USAID. This has been an important part of CHF's plan for years here in Mongolia and a lot of work has gone into this process. It is great for me to be here to see this long term plan become a reality.

In this picture you will see Glenn, Brian, Serjmaa and Oyunbayar Tserendorj, the one in the center of the picture, who is one of the CHF Accountants, at work in one of the weekly planning sessions as one NGO becomes two NGO's
Then in the black sweater is Myadagoa, or if you prefer "Mia" the new Finance Director for CHF Mongolia. There are a lot of budget changes going on here at CHF. They are being significantly complicated by the decreasing value of the Mongolian dollar. Glenn and Brian are having to do an incredible amount of budgeting and re-budgeting.



Serjmaa is busy with new program changes but is also diligently working with her new Board of Directors. Here you will see her with two of her five Board members. The gentleman in the picutre is Ariunbat, the Managing Director of the Mongolian Educational T.V. station. Then the lady in the picture with Serjmaa is Narantuya Tsagaan, who owns a book store. She is the Chair person of the Finance Committee and she and Serjmaa are going over the finance report for the upcoming Board meeting.

Here you have a picture of Bagana, the new NGO Program Director, standing in front of a map of Mongolia at the TV Station. The program area of CHF and the new NGO covers a great deal of Monglia. It takes staff three hours by air to reach one of the 11 Branch offices.
My role of working with Serjmaa as her CEO coach, is a very small part of the exciting things happening here with the changes and that is the way I like it. I must say though it is a lot of fun watching all of the hard work of the regular staff that is going into these changes.
(If you want a better view of any of the pictures, just click on them and they should expand to cover your screen. When I took Bagana's picture, we were in a TV station but I could not get the light correct.)

Musical Chairs at CHF Mongolia

A lot of change is happening here at CHF Mongolia as the grant from the U.S Agency for International Development(USAID) closes out on March 31 and staff prepare to begin the new grant from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USAG). Each of the programs have a different focus, the staffing requirements and positions available are different, the accounting is moving from dollars to Trugs (the Mongolian dollar) and then reports go back to CHF Washington in dollars. In this process a majority of the staff have been spun off to the new Mongolian Non-Profit. This is the new NGO where my work is focused on consulting with Serjmaa as she begins her work as a CEO with the new Board of Directors. The new NGO is being given a contract to do a great deal of the field work for the new program grant that CHF has received from USAG. In the middle of this process, the Tugrig continues to drop in value rather dramatically. "So who is on First Base" asked one comedian to the other.
You will see here a picture of Glenn Moller, the Country Director and the tall guy is Brian King, the Deputy Director. I think they are able to keep smiling, not because they know for sure who is on first but because both of them have been with CHF for a number of years and worked in other countries for CHF, where they been involved in major changes in contracts more impacting then this one. Also, other than what is happening to the Tugrig, most of the current changes were designed in to the plan originally and it is not new information for anyone. Glenn and Brian are also very capable guys. The smile on Brian's face is even more amazing because he had to cut his position out of the budget to make it work with the loss of the value of the Tugrig. Brian is practicing saying "Do you want fries with that" since his job here in Mongolia is now scheduled to end the first of July. Glenn and I are both hoping some other CHF country program will use his excellent skills and significant experience. So, as the game of musical chairs is played, when the music stops in the near future, there will not be enough chairs for everyone. For a few staff, as I understand it, this will be at the end of March and for a few others as late as probably the end of June. The majority of staff, however, will probably not experience a great deal of change.
On the left you will see a picture of Narantsatsral Gonchig"Nara". She is the translator for the organization. Then there is Tserenchimed Batbayar or you can just call her "Chemka" like I do. She is in charge of the business linkage program, where they are able to batch small producers together and sell to larger markets. These are two of the approximately 75 staff involved in the programs happening at this time. Brian and Glenn are the only paid non-Mongolians.
Then of course, there is the old volunteer guy, who enjoys the great view from the office he shares with five of the other, approximately 30 people, working out of the Corporate office.

Religion in Mongolia

In 1937, more than 17,000 Mongolian Buddhist Monks were executed, 700 monasteries were purged and thousands sent to Siberian labor camps. The communist were just as ruthless on religion in the 30's as they had been on private enterprise in the 20's. Today, 19 years after the collapse of Russian control, it is estimated that over 90% to 95% of the population would say they embrace Buddhism as their religion.
Here you will see me standing in front of the main Buddhist temple in Ulaanbaatar, the Migjid Janraisig Sum. This is one of the few temples that survived the purge.

Chinggis Khaan was very supportive of all religions but did have his own personal Shaman. Buddhism has been part of the Mongolian culture for the past 600 years and continues to this day to be the major religion of the country. Between the Chinese and the Russian control of the country, there was a short period of independent control under the Bogd Khan. The picture below is one of the structures at the museum of Bogd Khan's Winter Palace. In the front of one of the structures at the Winter Palace is the CHF Agribusiness Coordinator, Batbaatar, who took me on the private tour of the Buddhist structures remaining in the city.

This next picture is one taken at the Choijin Lama Temple Museum. It is no longer a temple but just a museum.

Next to the Buddhist Dharma Center, in the center of the city, there is a Church of the Latter Day Saints. Some young folks outside the Mormon Church tried to recruit me to come in as I was leaving my meditation class at the Dharma center the other evening. I just tried to remain centered...and not slip on the ice. There are numerous religious groups working in the city, but Mongolia is definitely a Buddhist country.
There might be only a limited number of monks and Temples in Mongolia, but the Dharma Center, here in Ulaanbaatar, does have a meditation instructor as good as any I have had in California. Even old guys like me, who don't classify themselves as Buddhist, are warmly welcomed and find beneficial training at the Center.

Change is The Name of The Game

The National Museum Of Mongolia has a great pictorial display showing the history of the country. Here in front of the museum is a large upright stone typical of those common in ancient times here in Mongolia. It reminded me a bit of Stonehenge and the upright stones you find in Ireland.

The main impact of the museum for me, however, was it's pictorial history of all the historical drama that has happened here in the last 20 years. In 1990 the Soviet Union collapsed and Mongolia moved away from Communism. In 1991 the country privatized 20 million head of livestock. Then in 1997, twelve years ago, it privatized over 90% of the housing stock. The picture of the nine story apartment complex you see on this blog is a very typical scene you see all over Eastern Europe. There must be hundreds of these buildings here in Ulaanbaatar. These were built during the 69 years the Soviet Union controlled Mongolia.

When Russia pulled out of Mongolia and took their highly controlled social and economical system with them, there were some desperate years here in Mongolia as they coped with the radical change in everything. This very large country is now trying to make its way as a Democracy with a market driven economy. It was controlled for nearly 300 years by China and then for nearly 70 years by Russia. Now, it is trying its hand at Democracy and a new economical plan. It seems like Murphy's law is at work here as this new country, trying to make it economically, finds itself caught up in a global economic collapse and serious environmental issues.
Hopefully, CHF can help some of the small businesses find their way in this new game plan.
A few other stress points in this game change involves nearly half the population living in Ger communities in somewhat of a nomadic culture and they are now finding themselves being pressured with urbanization, globalization and the high tech phenomenon.
One of the very interesting things I find in all of this is that even though the Russians did some really bad things during their 69 years here, the people like the Russians. However, they don't seem to like the Chinese, even though they get nearly all of their vegetables from them in the winter months. Then in the middle of this mix, the language of choice to learn here is clearly English.